Political maps divided peoples into states. Military maps divided states into spheres of influence. Energy maps reduced entire countries to oilfields, pipelines and export terminals. Strategic maps portrayed the region as a chessboard on which outside powers competed for advantage, frequently with little regard for the interests of those who actually lived there.

The consequences are painfully familiar. Wars have redrawn borders but rarely created lasting peace. Military victories have proved temporary. Political settlements have remained fragile. Oil wealth has generated enormous revenues without consistently producing diversified economies, accountable institutions or resilient societies.

The region has become extraordinarily rich in natural resources, yet chronically poor in regional integration.

Meanwhile, the world has changed.